The high capital and operating costs of these processes, especially that of production and purification of large doses of cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei required to obtain sufficiently high sugar yields, challenge the economic competitiveness of cellulosic ethanol. The conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks into ethanol currently requires a combination of size reduction, thermochemical pretreatment, fungal enzyme production, enzymatic hydrolysis, sugar fermentation, and product recovery. However, the impact of switchgrass structural properties, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin characterization, would provide a better understanding of lignocellulose deconstruction.įuel ethanol derived from abundant lignocellulosic biomass has the highest potential to alleviate the dependence on fossil petroleum in the transportation sector while also dramatically reducing associated greenhouse gas emissions.
Lignin removal had a more positive impact on biological digestion of switchgrass than xylan removal from the biomass. The unparalleled comprehensive nature of this work with a comparison of four pretreatment and two biological digestion techniques provides a strong platform for future integration of pretreatment with CBP.
thermocellum or fungal enzymes were chosen. CELF pretreatments of switchgrass produced solids that were highly digestible regardless of whether C. thermocellum performed equivalent to 65 and better than 15 mg protein/g glucan fungal enzymatic hydrolysis on all substrates except CELF-pretreated substrates. thermocellum (2% by volume inoculum) showed ~ 48% glucan solubilization compared to < 10% through fungal enzymatic hydrolysis (15 and 65 mg protein/g glucan loadings) of unpretreated switchgrass indicating the effectiveness of C. thermocellum was observed on solids prepared by dilute acid and hydrothermal pretreatments with higher xylan removal from switchgrass than lignin removal. Lower glucan solubilization and metabolite production by C.
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100% glucan solubilization and glucan plus xylan release from switchgrass were achieved using the CELF–CBP combination. thermocellum achieved highest sugar release and metabolite production from de-lignified switchgrass prepared by CELF and dilute alkali pretreatments demonstrating greater resilience to the presence of hemicellulose sugars than fungal enzymes. ResultsĪlamo switchgrass was pretreated using hydrothermal, dilute acid, dilute alkali, and co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatments to produce solids with varying glucan, xylan, and lignin compositions. thermocellum and fungal cellulases respond to senescent switchgrass prepared by four different pretreatment techniques revealed relationships between biomass substrate composition and its digestion by the two biological approaches. Although CBP organisms have evolved efficient machinery for biomass deconstruction, achieving complete solubilization requires targeted approaches, such as pretreatment, to prepare recalcitrant biomass feedstocks for further biological digestion. The thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum is a multifunctional ethanol producer, capable of both saccharification and fermentation, that is central to the consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) approach of converting lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol without external enzyme supplementation.
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