The results show that the CCHP system with GSHP under FEL strategy has the best comprehensive performance. Comparison of exhaust-gas-and-hot-water-driven absorption chiller (AC) and another three cooling modes, including AC combined with electric chiller (EC), AC combined with gas-fired absorption chiller (GFC), and AC combined with ground source heat pump (GSHP) based on the simulation model, is made in reference. In the above simulation models, the operation strategy of CCHP is FTL or FEL, or one of them is adopted under certain conditions. Using the simulation, literature Using simulation method, literature examined the economic feasibility of the combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems when it was applied in the Department of Energy (DOE) reference large office buildings in three cities of the U.S.: San Francisco, Boston, and Miami. Reference estimates the performance characteristics of CCHP system under FTL and FEL strategies by using simulation models of absorption refrigeration, electric refrigeration, natural gas fuel absorption refrigeration, and geothermal refrigeration in CCHP. In reference, the performance of FEL operation strategy for CHP with energy storage and large fluctuation of electric load is estimated by the simulation method. The simulation method of CHP and CCHP has almost become the standard method to estimate the performance of CHP and CCHP. In reference, the quasi-steady models of the combined heating and power (CHP) and CCHP were constructed to simulate the production of CHP, performances of CCHP and CHP systems under FTL or FEL based on primary energy consumption, operation cost, and carbon dioxide emissions for different climate conditions.
When the electric load is larger, FTL strategy is adopted when the thermal load is larger, FEL strategies are adopted.
FTL or FEL is used, respectively, according to load conditions in HET. The traditional operation strategies in CCHP simulation are the following thermal load (FTL), the following electric load (FEL), and the hybrid electric-thermal load (HET). The operation simulation of the CCHP as a tool to estimate the operation costs is important to the investment planning of CCHP. The distributed combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) system has been supported by various governments because of its high primary energy efficiency and low emissions. The case study verified the characteristics of the proposed simulation method. The presented method has small time consumption and can simulate the optimal operation. A rule-based CCHP simulation method is established that selects the strategy with minimal cost as the optimal strategy from the candidate strategy set.
Some previously unnoticed strategies, for example, TEWM, PE-FPG, FTL-R, and FEL-L, may become optimal. The conditions of the optimal operation strategy in the candidate set are obtained, and it is easy to calculate, so the optimal operation strategy can be easily selected from the candidate set. Among all the feasible operation strategies, most of them do not meet the KKT condition, and only 43 strategies may be the optimal ones that constitute candidate set. In this paper, all kinds of operation strategies of the CCHP with two cooling methods are investigated according to the KKT conditions (Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions) of the optimal operation model. However, the current CCHP system simulation adopts FTL or FEL or a combination of the two whether these strategies have the least cost has not been confirmed. With the change of the distributed Combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) system operation environment, such as the operation under the power market, CCHP needs to adopt the operation strategy based on cost minimization instead of the traditional following thermal load strategy (FTL).
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